Татауров С.Ф., Тихонов С.С.

Особенности планиграфии и благоустройства сибирского города в XVI–XVIII вв.

Цель работы — воссоздание истории территориального развития г. Тары от его основания до принятия единого городского плана в 1775 г. Изыскания позволили выделить принципы основания и развития сибирского русского города в конце XVII — XVIII в. Источниками для исследования послужили данные археологических раскопок (около 1500 м² культурного слоя мощностью 2 м и более), а также картографические материалы. В статье рассмотрены дороги, ведущие к Тарской крепости с разных сторон, места переходов через речки, окружавшие ее, состояние улиц, трансформация планиграфии крепости в конце XVIII в. Тарская крепость была поставлена с учетом использования естественных преград. Попасть в город можно было лишь по трем дорогам, которые прикрывали башни крепости. Эти дороги, превратившиеся в улицы города, и сегодня используются для проезда чаще, чем другие, расположенные между ними.

Ключевые слова: археология русских Западной Сибири, Тарская крепость, пространственная археология, пути сообщения, планиграфия.

Tataurov S.F., Tikhonov S.S.

SPECIFICS OF PLANIGRAPHY АND IMPROVEMENT OF A SIBERIAN TOWN IN XVI–XVIII CENTURIES

The results of 2007–2016 archaeological excavations of Tara and historical materials on the town planigraphy in the period under consideration gave birth to this work. The study made it possible to reconstruct the history of the territorial development of the town from its foundation until the adoption of an unified urban plan in 1775. The survey allowed to identify the principles of foundation and development of a Siberian Russian city at the end of XVII–XVIII centuries. During the work, we tried to determine the importance of such factors as defenses, availability of transit routes, fire safety, etc. for the development. In the course of excavations at Tara fortress, archaeologists from the Omsk Branch of Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS excavated about 1500 m² of the cultural stratum with a capacity of 2 m and more. We received information about different aspects of the culture of Tara population at the end of the XVI–XVIII centuries, including about the fortress planigraphy and conditions of its streets. Furthermore, considering the geographical features of the location of Tara stronghold, the authors have studied the roads leading to it. The article presents the results of these works considering the roads leading to Tara fortress from different angles, transitions across the rivers that surrounded it, Tara streets, transformation of planigraphy of the fortress in the late XVIII century. Tara fortress was built with the use of natural barriers. From the West, it was well protected by a marsh and a river. From the East, the road to the castle was complicated by the Irtysh floodplain and the Arkarna River's tributaries. There were only three roads to get to the city, which were covered by the towers of the fortress. Nowadays, these roads turned into streets and are used to travel more often than others located between them. By the end of the XVIII century, Tara had gradually become one of the most comfortable and clean town in Siberia. The town dealt with fires, and arrangements for drainage of wetlands solved the problem of mud at Tara streets. In general, the system of roads leading to Tara started to develop since the fortress was established, correct geometric planigraphy of the town began to take shape in the second half of the eighteenth century, taking into account the existing road. At the same time, indiscriminate housing development disappeared and improvement of the streets began.

Key words: archaeology of Russian Western Siberia, Tara fortress, spatial archaeology, transport, planigraphy.